Prevention and Cessation of Cigarette Smoking: Control of Tobacco Use (PDQ®) - Summary of Evidence
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Note: A separate PDQ summary on Levels of Evidence for Cancer Screening and Prevention Studies is also available. The summaries in the Cancer Prevention section of the PDQ refer to cancer prevention, defined as a reduction in the incidence of cancer. The PDQ includes summaries generally classified by histological type of cancer, especially when there are known risk factors for the specific types of cancer. This summary addresses a specific risk factor, tobacco use, which is associated with a large number of different cancers (and other chronic diseases) and unequivocally contains human carcinogens.[1] The focus of the summary is on clinical interventions by health professionals that decrease the use of tobacco. Based on solid evidence, cigarette smoking causes various cancers, including, but not limited to lung cancer. Smoking avoidance and smoking cessation results in decreased incidence and mortality from cancer. Description of the Evidence
Based on solid evidence, counseling by a health professional improves smoking cessation rates (as does simple advice from a physician to stop smoking). Description of the Evidence
Based on solid evidence, drug treatments, including nicotine replacement therapies (gum, patch, spray, lozenge, and inhaler), antidepressant therapy (e.g., bupropion), and nicotinic receptor agonist therapy (varenicline), result in better smoking cessation rates than placebo. Description of the Evidence
References
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